Environmental Archaeology.
| 1. Verfasser: |
Reitz, Elizabeth.
|
|---|---|
| Weitere Verfasser: |
Shackley, Myra L.
|
| Ort/Verlag/Jahr: |
Boston, MA :
Springer,
2012.
|
| Ausgabe: | 1st ed. |
| Umfang/Format: |
1 online resource (553 pages). |
| Schriftenreihe: |
Manuals in archaeological method, theory, and technique
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Parallelausgabe: |
Environmental Archaeology (Print version:) |
| Online Zugang: |
Available online |
Inhaltsangabe:
- Intro
- Environmental Archaeology
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Chapter 1: Introduction to Environmental Archaeology
- What Is Environmental Archaeology?
- History, Humanity, or Science?
- Theory or Practice?
- Artifact or Ecofact?
- Foci of Environmental Archaeology
- Theories in Environmental Archaeology
- Ecological Concepts
- Ecosystem
- Population Ecology
- Community Ecology
- Landscapes
- Major Ecosystem Types and Biomes
- Ecological Analogy
- The Disciplines of Environmental Archaeology
- Units of Analysis
- The Goals of Environmental Archaeology
- Environmental Change and Stasis
- Human-Environmental Interactions
- Materials and Methods
- Goals of This Volume
- A Note on Chronology
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 2: The Processes by Which Archaeological Sites Form
- From Life Assemblage to Study Assemblage
- Site Formation Processes
- Cultural Site Formation Processes
- Types of Sites
- Cultural Transformations
- Archaeological Transformations
- Abiotic Transformations
- Biotic Transformations
- Sediments and Soils
- What Might Survive?
- Experimental Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology
- Off-Site Processes
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 3: Research Designs and Field Methods
- The Scienti c Method and Research Designs
- Sampling
- The Scienti c Method
- Research Designs
- Archaeological Excavations
- What Is a Site?
- How Are Sites Found?
- What Next?
- Excavation Basics
- Recovery Techniques
- How Many Samples Are Enough and How Large Do They Need to Be?
- Off-Site Testing
- Anticipating Radiocarbon Dating and Other Studies
- Record-Keeping and Laboratory Procedures
- The Ethics of Archaeology
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 4: Biological Classifications and Nomenclatures.
- Vernacular or Common Names
- Scienti c Taxonomic Classi cations
- The Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Infraspeci c Categories
- Higher Categories
- Cladistics
- Classi cations
- Reference Collections
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 5: Sediments and Soils
- Nomenclature
- Sediments
- Soils
- Field Procedures
- Laboratory Procedures
- Particle Size
- Other Properties
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, and Fungi
- Nomenclature
- Viruses
- Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
- The Protists
- Fungi
- Parasitism
- General Field and Laboratory Considerations
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- The Protists
- Dino agellates
- Diatoms
- Foraminifera
- Fungi
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 7: Bryophytes and Vascular Plants
- Nomenclature
- Bryophytes
- Vascular Plants
- Mechanisms of Seed Dispersal
- Site Formation Processes and Field Considerations
- Site Formation Processes
- Field Considerations
- Laboratory Procedures
- Processing
- Identi cation
- Analytical Procedures
- Plant Domestication
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 8: Wood, Wood Charcoal, Stems, Fibers, Leaves, and Roots
- Nomenclature
- Site Formation Processes and Field Considerations for Wood and Wood Charcoal
- Wood
- Wood Charcoal
- Laboratory Procedures and Identi cation
- Processing
- Identi cation
- Analytical Procedures
- Non-woody Stems, Fibers, Leaves, Other Plant Tissue Fragments
- True Roots and Stem Roots
- Dendroarchaeology
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 9: Spores, Pollen, Phytoliths, Starch Grains, and Other Microbotanical Remains
- Spores and Pollen: Nomenclature
- Spores and Pollen: Modes of Release and Dispersal
- Spores and Pollen: Site Formation Processes
- Spores and Pollen: Field Considerations.
- Spores and Pollen: Laboratory Procedures
- Preparation
- Identi cation and Counting
- Spores and Pollen: Analytical Procedures
- Phytoliths
- Phytoliths: Site Formation Processes and Field Considerations
- Phytoliths: Laboratory Procedures
- Phytoliths: Analytical Procedures
- Calcium Oxalate Crystals
- Starch Grains
- Stomach Contents and Feces
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 10: Arthropods and Some Other Invertebrates
- Nomenclature
- Site Formation Processes
- Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala
- Annelida
- Arthropoda
- Field Considerations
- Laboratory Procedures
- Processing
- Identi cation
- Analytical Procedures
- Invertebrates and Disease
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 11: Molluscs and Echinoderms
- Nomenclature
- Episodic or Periodic Growth in Animals
- Site Formation Processes
- Field Considerations
- Laboratory Procedures
- Preparation
- Identi cation
- Analytical Procedures
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 12: Vertebrates
- Nomenclature
- Otoliths
- Egg Shells
- Keratinized Structures
- Skin Materials
- Gastroliths
- Episodic or Periodic Growth in Vertebrates
- Activity Patterns and Pathologies
- Site Formation Processes
- Field Considerations
- Laboratory Procedures
- Processing
- Identi cation
- Analytical Procedures
- Animal Domestication
- Human Biology as a Special Case
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 13: Stable Isotopes, Elements, and Biomolecules
- Stable Isotopes
- Dietary Applications
- Environmental Conditions
- Elemental Analysis
- Biomolecules and Compounds
- Archaeogenetics
- Site Formation Processes and Field Considerations
- Site Formation Processes
- Field Considerations
- Laboratory Considerations
- Applications
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 14: Research Questions.
- Questions and Contributions
- Environmental Change and Stasis
- Human-Environmental Interactions
- Materials and Methods
- Nature Conservation and Heritage Management
- Archiving Samples and Data
- Summary and Future Directions
- A Final Note
- References
- Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names
- Index.
