Inhaltsangabe: Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans

Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans volume 2 Cognitive and Physical Perspectives

1. Verfasser:	Akazawa, Takeru , [VerfasserIn]
Weitere Verfasser:	Ogihara, Naomichi. Tanabe, Hiroki C. Terashima, Hideaki.
Ort/Verlag/Jahr:	Tokyo : Springer, 2014.
Ausgabe:	1st ed.
Umfang/Format:	1 online resource (238 pages).
Schriftenreihe:	Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Ser.
Schlagworte:	Archaeology. Electronic books.
Parallelausgabe:	Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans : Cognitive and Physical Perspectives (Print version:)
Online Zugang:	Available online

Inhaltsangabe:

Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction
Part I: Cognition and Psychology
2: The Cognition of Homo neanderthalensis and H. sapiens : Does the Use of Pigment Necessarily Imply Symbolic Thought?
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Different, but Neither Better nor Worse
2.2 Archaeological Evidence for Cognitive Differences Between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens
2.2.1 Cultural Homogeneity
2.2.2 The Absence or Rarity of Visual Symbols
2.2.3 Scratched Bones, Burials and Pigments
2.2.4 Rapid Replacement
2.3 Models for H. neanderthalensis Mind and Language
2.3.1 Domain-Specific and Cognitive Fluid Mentalities
2.3.2 Hmmmmm and Compositional Language
2.4 The Use of Pigments
2.4.1 Non-Symbolic Colour Use and Ritual
2.5 Conclusion
References
3: Comparisons Between Individual, Imitative and Instructed Learning
3.1 Background and Purpose
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Participants
3.2.2 Materials
3.2.3 Procedure
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Behavioral Measure
3.3.2 Psychological Measurements
3.4 Discussion
References
4: The Ability to Objectify Conventional Styles of Problem-Solving: A Hypothesis on the Difference in Learning Ability Between Modern Humans and Neanderthals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tomasello's Hypothesis of 'Cumulative Cultural Learning'
(1) Child Cultural Learning: The Ratchet of Cumulative Cultural Evolution
(2) Individual or Collaborative Creation: The Driving Force of Cumulative Cultural Evolution
4.3 Hints from Batson's Evolutionary Model of Learning
(1) Zero Learning
(2) Learning I
(3) Learning II
(4) Learning III
4.4 An Attempt to Modify Tomasello's Model
4.5 A Tentative Conclusion to and Future Perspective on the RNMH Project
References
5: Cognitive Flexibility and Making Objects in Baka Pygmy Children.
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Method
5.3 Results
5.4 Discussion
References
6: The Demonstration of Resilience in the Drawings of Baka Pygmy Children
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Review on "Resilience"
6.3 Baka Pygmy Children
6.4 Method
6.4.1 Participants
6.4.2 Procedure
6.5 Results
6.5.1 Drawing Process and Attitude
6.5.2 Drawing Style and Content
6.5.2.1 Drawing Style
6.5.2.2 Drawing Content (Rate of Drawing)
6.6 Discussion
6.6.1 The Drawings of Children in Traditional Societies
6.6.2 The Resilience of Pygmy Children
6.6.3 Innovators and Followers
6.7 Conclusion
References
7: Social Learning, Trial-and-Error, and Creativity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Method
7.2.1 Experiment 1
7.2.1.1 Method of Experiment 1
7.2.1.2 Results of Experiment 1
7.2.1.3 Discussion of Experiment 1
7.2.2 Experiment 2
7.2.2.1 Method of Experiment 2
7.2.2.2 Result of Experiment 2
7.2.2.3 Discussion of Experiment 2
7.3 General Discussion
References
8: Experimental Studies of Modern Human Social and Individual Learning in an Archaeological Context: People Behave Adaptively, But Within Limits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Virtual Arrowhead Task
8.3 Key Findings
8.3.1 People Are Effective Individual Learners, But Can Get Stuck on Local Optima
8.3.2 People Use Payoff-Biased Social Learning to Jump to Higher-Fitness Designs
8.3.3 Payoff-Biased Social Learning Is Preferred to Other Forms of Social Learning
8.3.4 Payoff Biased Social Learning Leads to "Cultural Hitchhiking"
8.3.5 Informational Access Costs Block Social Learning
8.4 Limitations and Applications
8.5 Conclusions
References
Part II: Body Science and Genetics
9: Motion Analysis for Stone-Knapping of the Skilled Levallois Technique
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Two Process of Recurrent Levallois Technique for the Motion Analysis
9.3 The Outline of the Stone-Tool Production Experiment for a Motion Analysis
9.4 The Motion Capturing System Visualize3000
9.5 Analysis About Getting to LF/LP Motion
9.6 Detail Analysis About LF13 Motion
9.7 Detail Analysis About LF19 Motion
9.8 Detail Analysis About LP42 Motion
9.9 Detail Analysis About the Hammer Swing Motion About LF13, LF19 and LP42
9.10 Elbow Motion Analysis
9.11 Discussion
References
10: Daily Physical Activity and Time- Space Using of Pygmy Hunter- Gatherers' Children in Southeast Cameroon
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Subjects and Methods
10.2.1 Participants
10.2.2 Methods and Data Analyses
10.2.2.1 Age Estimation
10.2.2.2 Daily Time Allocation
10.2.2.3 Daily Physical Activity
10.2.2.4 Correlation Between Daytime use and Physical Activities
10.2.2.5 Statistical Analysis
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Daily Physical Activity
10.3.2 Daily Time-Space Using
10.3.3 Correlation Between Physical Activity and Time-Space Using
10.3.4 Further Study
10.4 Conclusion
References
11: Estimation of the Period of Childhood and Child Growth Characteristics of Pygmy Hunter-Gatherers in Southeast Cameroon
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.2.1 Subjects and Data Collection
11.2.2 Assessing Nutritional Status
11.2.3 Applying the Mathematical Function
11.2.4 Statistical Analysis
11.3 Results
11.4 Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
References
12: Interpretations of Practical Population Genetics Analyses of Genome-Wide SNP Data on Human Demography
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Generation of Simulated Data Sets
12.2.2 Statistical Analyses
12.2.3 Analyses of a Real Data Set.
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 NJ Tree and NN Network
12.3.2 PCA
12.3.3 Clustering Analysis
12.3.4 Keys to Reconstructing Past Demographic History
12.3.5 Interpretation of Analyses of Real Data
12.3.6 Concluding Remarks
Appendix: Command Lines for the Simulations Operated Using msms
For Model S
For Model M
For Model OA
For Model RA
References
Part III: Reconstruction of Fossil Crania and BrainMorphology
13: Functional Craniology, Human Evolution, and Anatomical Constraints in the Neanderthal Braincase
13.1 Functional Craniology and Human Evolution
13.2 Paleoneurology and Endocranial Constraints
13.3 Indirect Models in Paleoneurology
13.4 Brain Metabolism and Heat Dissipation
13.5 A Neanderthal's Lineage
References
14: Cerebral Sulci and Gyri Observed on Macaque Endocasts
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.3 Results
14.3.1 General Morphology of the Skulls
14.3.2 Correspondence of Impressions on the Endocasts to Cerebral Sulci
14.3.3 Individual Difference in Sulcal Patterns Observed on the Endocasts
14.4 Discussion
References
15: The Coronal Suture as an Indicator of the Caudal Border of the Macaque Monkey Prefrontal Cortex
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.3 Results
15.4 Discussion
References
16: Application of Sliding Landmark Method for Morphological Analysis of Modern Japanese Neurocranial Shape
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Specimens
16.2.2 Landmarks
16.2.3 Sliding Semi-Landmark Method
16.2.4 Morphological Analysis
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
References
17: A Geometric Morphometric Study of Neurocranial Shape Variations in the Crania of Modern Japanese
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and Methods
17.2.1 Specimens.
17.2.2 Landmarks
17.2.3 Morphological Analysis
17.3 Results
17.4 Discussion
References
18: Statistical Interpolation of Missing Parts in Human Crania Using Regularized Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.2.1 Specimens
18.2.2 Landmarks
18.2.3 Estimation of Missing Landmark Coordinates
18.2.4 Virtual Crania with Missing Portions
18.3 Results
18.4 Discussion
References
19: Transferring Semi-Landmarks by Minimizing Bending Energy on Surfaces
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Method
19.2.1 Overview
19.2.2 The Linear System
19.2.3 Numerical Stability
19.3 Experimental Results
19.4 Conclusions
References
20: CT Image Segmentation for Bone Structures Using Image-Based FEM
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methods
20.2.1 Strain Computation Using FEM
20.2.2 Estimation of Loading Forces
20.2.3 Estimation of Positions of Fixed Nodes and Loading Nodes
20.3 Results
20.4 Conclusions
References
21: Virtual Endocast of Qafzeh 9: A Preliminary Assessment of Right-Left Asymmetry
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and Methods
21.2.1 Virtual Reconstruction of the Qafzeh 9 Endocast
21.2.2 Assessment of Right-Left Asymmetry and Correction of Distortion
21.2.3 Comparison of the Original and Morphed Versions of the Qafzeh 9 Endocast with Those of Recent Humans
21.3 Results
21.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
22: Reconstruction of the Brain from Skull Fossils Using Computational Anatomy
22.1 Purpose of Our Research
22.2 Computational Anatomy
22.2.1 Introduction to Computational Anatomy
22.2.2 Spatial Transformation
22.2.3 Computational Morphometry
22.3 Studies on Modern Human Brain Data
22.3.1 Brain Reconstruction with Skull Shape Matching.
22.3.2 Quantitative Whole-Brain Morphometric Analysis.

Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans volume 2 Cognitive and Physical Perspectives

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