Changes in the cultural landscape and their impacts on heritage management : a study of Dutch Fort at Galle, Sri Lanka

Parallelsachtitel: Study of Dutch Fort at Galle, Sri Lanka
1. Verfasser: Jinadasa, Uditha Niroshini, 1979- , [VerfasserIn]
Ort/Verlag/Jahr: [Leiden, Netherlands] : Leiden University Press, [2020].
Umfang/Format: 380 pages : illustrations (chiefly color), maps (chiefly color) ; 28 cm.
Schriftenreihe: Archaeological studies Leiden University 47
Schlagworte:
World Heritage areas > Sri Lanka > Galle Fort.
Galle Fort (Sri Lanka) > History.
Inhaltsangabe:
  • Machine generated contents note:
  • Gateway to ``the Fort``: From Colonial Fortified City to a World Heritage City
  • World Heritage Recognition and Changing Historic Urban Landscapes
  • Relevance and Motivation
  • Aims, Objective and Methods
  • Scope and Structure
  • 1.
  • History, Overview and the World Heritage Project
  • 1.1.
  • Historical Background of Galle Fort
  • 1.1.1.
  • Precolonial Galle
  • 1.1.2.
  • The Portuguese Occupation
  • 1.1.3.
  • The Dutch Occupation
  • 1.1.4.
  • The British Occupation
  • 1.1.5.
  • Post-Independence: Residential and Administrative Centre
  • 1.2.
  • Galle Fort: A General View
  • 1.2.1.
  • Location and Monuments
  • 1.2.2.
  • The Community, Land Use and the ``Living City``
  • 1.3.
  • World Heritage Recognition of the Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications, 1988
  • 1.3.1.
  • The Background
  • 1.3.2.
  • Heritage Recognition: Expert Effort
  • 1.3.3.
  • The Criteria and the Lack of Mention of the Community
  • 1.3.4.
  • ``A Monument of Dual Parentage``: A Phrase with Dual Purpose
  • 1.4.
  • The Progress of the World Heritage Project Over Three Decades
  • 1.4.1.
  • The First Decade (1988
  • 1997): Conservation and Preservation
  • 1.4.2.
  • The Second Decade (1998
  • 2007): Collaborative Research with the Netherlands
  • 1.4.3.
  • The Third Decade (2008
  • 2018): Issues of the World Heritage Project
  • Conclusion
  • 2.
  • Theoretical Framework
  • 2.1.
  • The Concept of Cultural Landscape
  • 2.1.1.
  • Origins
  • 2.1.2.
  • Changing Notions in Geography and Successive Use in World Heritage
  • 2.1.3.
  • The Cultural Landscape Concept in Managing Historic Cities: UNESCO's HUL Approach
  • 2.2.
  • The Notion of World Heritage
  • 2.2.1.
  • Origins
  • 2.2.2.
  • The Convention and its Critics
  • 2.2.3.
  • Heritage Listing of Inhabited Historic Cities
  • 2.2.4.
  • World Heritage as a Marker of Transformation in Inhabited Historic Cities: An Asian Experience
  • 2.3.
  • The Dynamic Historic City and Current Urban Heritage Management
  • 2.3.1.
  • Holistic and Landscape-based Approach Considering the Nature-Culture Relationship
  • 2.3.2.
  • Landscape Democracy: Participatory Approach Based on Human Rights
  • 2.3.3.
  • Conflict Resolution Through Participation
  • 2.3.4.
  • Mitigating the Dynamic Historic Urban Change Rather than Controlling
  • 2.4.
  • Participatory Planning and the People-Centred Approaches in Managing Historic Cities
  • 2.4.1.
  • Participatory Planning
  • 2.4.2.
  • Development of Participatory and People-Centred Approaches Within World Heritage
  • 2.4.3.
  • Challenges and Limitations of the Participatory Approach Within World Heritage
  • 2.5.
  • Postcolonialism, Decolonization and ``Colonial Monuments`` in Sri Lanka
  • 3.
  • Methodological Framework
  • 3.1.
  • Research Approach and Methods
  • 3.1.1.
  • Research Problem
  • 3.1.2.
  • Research Approach, Methods and Field Work
  • 3.1.3.
  • Materials
  • 3.1.4.
  • Tools and Techniques
  • 3.1.5.
  • Flow of the Methodology
  • 3.2.
  • Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
  • 3.2.1.
  • Structured Interviews with Residents
  • 3.2.2.
  • Semi-structured Interviews
  • 3.2.3.
  • Questionnaires
  • 3.2.4.
  • Participant Observation and Informal Conversations
  • 3.2.5.
  • Ethical Considerations, Pitfalls and Respondent Confidentiality
  • 3.2.6.
  • Anecdotes, Mental Image of the City and Producing a Short Documentary
  • 3.3.
  • Quantitative Data Analysis Methods
  • 3.3.1.
  • Comparison of Building Stock of Galle Fort from 1988 to 2016
  • 3.3.2.
  • Creation of the GIS Database
  • 4.
  • Institutional and Legal Framework
  • 4.1.
  • International Level: Institutions and Laws
  • 4.1.1.
  • UNESCO and the Origin of the World Heritage Convention
  • 4.1.2.
  • The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972
  • 4.1.3.
  • The World Heritage Committee and World Heritage Centre
  • 4.1.4.
  • Advisory Bodies to the World Heritage Committee and Soft Laws
  • 4.2.
  • National Level: Institutions and Laws
  • 4.2.1.
  • Department of Archaeology
  • 4.2.2.
  • Antiquities Ordinance No. 9 of 1940: A Colonial Law Manifests a Western Material-based Conservation Approach
  • 4.2.3.
  • Urban Development Authority
  • 4.2.4.
  • Central Cultural Fund
  • 4.3.
  • Local Level: Institutions and Laws
  • 4.3.1.
  • Galle Heritage Foundation
  • 4.3.2.
  • Galle Heritage Planning Sub-Committee and Special Regulations, 2009: Preserving Colonial Buildings
  • 4.3.3.
  • Galle Municipal Council
  • 4.3.4.
  • Summary of Powers over Key Institutions
  • 4.4.
  • Other Institutions
  • 4.4.1.
  • ICOMOS Sri Lanka
  • 4.4.2.
  • Public Administration of the Heritage City
  • 4.4.3.
  • Funding Agencies: The International Donors and the Dutch Government
  • 4.4.4.
  • Research Institutions and Universities
  • 4.5.
  • Institutional Policy Documents and the Decisions of the World Heritage Committee
  • 4.5.1.
  • The Preservation of the Historic City Centre of Galle, 1987
  • 4.5.2.
  • Conservation and Development of the World Heritage Site of the Dutch Fort in Galle, 2002
  • 4.5.3.
  • Development Plan for Galle Urban Development Area (Galle Municipal Council Area) 2008
  • 2025 (Volumes I and II), 2009
  • 4.5.4.
  • World Heritage Property of the Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications: Integrated Management System 2015
  • 4.5.5.
  • The Annual Decisions of the World Heritage Committee (1997
  • 2018)
  • Conclusion
  • 5.
  • Changes to the Physical Urban Landscape
  • 5.1.
  • The Townhouse as a Microcosm/Signifier of the Urban Landscape
  • 5.1.1.
  • Terminology
  • 5.1.2.
  • Dating Townhouses/Buildings in Galle Fort
  • 5.1.3.
  • Colonial Characteristics of Townhouses
  • 5.1.4.
  • Changes in the Buildings (Including Townhouses) since World Heritage Recognition
  • 5.2.
  • Turning the Townhouse into an Object of Income Generation
  • 5.2.1.
  • Townhouses Converted into Villas, Shophouses and B&Bs
  • 5.2.2.
  • Functional Changes and Architectural Changes
  • 5.3.
  • The Colonial Facade: Positive Preservation of Interior Elements
  • 5.3.1.
  • Verandahs: ``Introducing Colonial Architecture``
  • 5.3.2.
  • Building Colour: The Best Observed Regulation
  • 5.3.3.
  • Roofscape: A Substantially Well-Observed Regulation
  • 5.3.4.
  • Stables and Garages: Disappearing Elements
  • 5.4.
  • Behind the Facade: Horizontal and Vertical Expansion of Space
  • 5.4.1.
  • Changes in Floors and Developments Behind the Facade
  • 5.4.2.
  • Addition of Floors: The Vertical Expansion of the City with Tourism
  • 5.4.3.
  • Hidden Floors and Attics: Increasing Space
  • 5.4.4.
  • Addition of Rooftops: An Alternative Space
  • 5.4.5.
  • Disappearing Central Courtyards: Colonial Features behind the Facade
  • 5.4.6.
  • Swimming Pools and Residential Tourism
  • 5.5.
  • A ``Touristscape``
  • 5.5.1.
  • The Constant Change
  • 5.5.2.
  • Adapting ``Antique [Colonial]`` Architectural Elements
  • 5.5.3.
  • Inherent Hybrid Colonial Architecture vs Tropical Modernism
  • 5.6.
  • State-Owned Monuments and the General Outline of the Fort
  • Conclusion
  • 6.
  • Socio-Economic Changes in the Urban Landscape
  • 6.1.
  • What Galle Fort Means to Various Stakeholders
  • 6.1.1.
  • Gama (``Village``) in the Eyes of the Residents
  • 6.1.2.
  • The Rampart, the Dutch and the Sea: Local Visitors
  • 6.1.3.
  • Local Business Community, Heritage Officers and Others
  • 6.1.4.
  • Galle Fort: Collective Memories
  • 6.2.
  • Changes at Galle Fort: Perceptions of the Residents
  • 6.2.1.
  • Galle Fort Before and During the initial Stages of the World Heritage Project
  • 6.2.2.
  • Changes with Heritage Recognition: Perceptions of the Residents
  • 6.3.
  • Gentrification: Foreign Investments and Laws
  • 6.3.1.
  • Foreign (and Local) Investments: Views of Residents
  • 6.3.2.
  • Laws and Policies Affecting Gentrification: Foreign Property Purchases and Leases
  • 6.3.3.
  • The Process of Gentrification
  • 6.3.4.
  • Foreign Investment Levels
  • 6.4.
  • Gentrification: Demography and Culture
  • 6.4.1.
  • Loss of Population
  • 6.4.2.
  • Impact of Gentrification on the Local Culture and Way of Life
  • 6.4.3.
  • Mitigating the Gentrification
  • 6.5.
  • Economy and Commercialization
  • 6.5.1.
  • Residential Streets to Shopping Streets
  • 6.5.2.
  • The Local Community and the Tourism Economy
  • 6.6.
  • Case Studies: Intangible Values of the Historic Urban Landscape
  • 6.6.1.
  • Anecdote 1: ``Selling the Doll House``
  • 6.6.2.
  • Anecdote 2: New Year Treats
  • Conclusion
  • 7.
  • Laws in Practice and Perceptions of Justice
  • Part I
  • 7.1.
  • Heritage Laws and Conflicting Interests
  • 7.1.1.
  • Do the Residents Know the Law?
  • 7.12.
  • Perception of Heritage Laws: ``The Law is Not Equal to All``
  • 7.1.3.
  • The Heritage Institutions, Officials and Community Expectations
  • 7.1.4.
  • Conflicting Interests: Development vs. Preservation
  • 7.1.5.
  • Conflicting Interests: The Boundary Wall of a Prestigious School
  • 7.2.
  • Special Regulations, 2009: A Burden for Ordinary Locals?
  • 7.2.1.
  • The High Cost of Chartered Architect's Services
  • 7.2.2.
  • Delays in the Process and Partial Decisions
  • 7.2.3.
  • Rejection of Building Applications
  • 7.3.
  • ``Illegal`` Building Activities: ``Nocturnal Architecture``
  • 7.3.1.
  • What is an Illegal Building Activity?
  • 7.3.2.
  • The Reasons: Ideas of Residents and Heritage Officers
  • 7.3.3.
  • Another Dimension of ``Nocturnal Architecture``
  • 7.4.
  • Reducing ``Illegal`` Developments: Ideas of Heritage Officers
  • 7.4.1.
  • The Conventional Method
  • 7.4.2.
  • The Current Trend: Negotiation and Frequent Monitoring
  • 7.5.
  • Is the Law Equal to All? The Negative Aspect
  • 7.5.1.
  • The Height Restrictions: Investors vs. Residents
  • 7.5.2.
  • Demolitions: Investors vs Ordinary Businessmen and Residents
  • 7.5.3.
  • Powerful Individuals and Partner Institutions
  • 7.5.4.
  • Swimming Pools: Why Are Some Allowed?
  • 7.6.
  • Is the Law Equal to All?: The Positive Aspects
  • 7.6.1.
  • Foreign Investors: The Powerful and the Ordinary
  • 7.6.2.
  • The Locals: The Ordinary and the ``Friends``
  • Part II
  • Note continued:
  • 7.7.
  • Political and Bureaucratic Will
  • 7.7.1.
  • Moving Government Buildings Out of Galle Fort
  • 7.7.2.
  • Intrusive Developments at Galle International Cricket Stadium
  • 7.7.3.
  • Galle Harbour Development Project
  • Conclusion
  • 8.
  • Conclusion and Recommendations
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations.

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