Changes in the cultural landscape and their impacts on heritage management : a study of Dutch Fort at Galle, Sri Lanka

Parallelsachtitel: Study of Dutch Fort at Galle, Sri Lanka
1. Verfasser: Jinadasa, Uditha Niroshini, 1979- , [VerfasserIn]
Ort/Verlag/Jahr: [Leiden, Netherlands] : Leiden University Press, [2020].
Umfang/Format: 380 pages : illustrations (chiefly color), maps (chiefly color) ; 28 cm.
Schriftenreihe: Archaeological studies Leiden University 47
ISBN: 9087283407
9789087283407
Schlagworte:
World Heritage areas > Sri Lanka > Galle Fort.
Galle Fort (Sri Lanka) > History.
Inhaltsangabe:
  • Machine generated contents note: Gateway to ``the Fort``: From Colonial Fortified City to a World Heritage City
  • World Heritage Recognition and Changing Historic Urban Landscapes
  • Relevance and Motivation
  • Aims, Objective and Methods
  • Scope and Structure
  • 1. History, Overview and the World Heritage Project
  • 1.1. Historical Background of Galle Fort
  • 1.1.1. Precolonial Galle
  • 1.1.2. The Portuguese Occupation
  • 1.1.3. The Dutch Occupation
  • 1.1.4. The British Occupation
  • 1.1.5. Post-Independence: Residential and Administrative Centre
  • 1.2. Galle Fort: A General View
  • 1.2.1. Location and Monuments
  • 1.2.2. The Community, Land Use and the ``Living City``
  • 1.3. World Heritage Recognition of the Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications, 1988
  • 1.3.1. The Background
  • 1.3.2. Heritage Recognition: Expert Effort
  • 1.3.3. The Criteria and the Lack of Mention of the Community
  • 1.3.4. ``A Monument of Dual Parentage``: A Phrase with Dual Purpose
  • 1.4. The Progress of the World Heritage Project Over Three Decades
  • 1.4.1. The First Decade (1988
  • 1997): Conservation and Preservation
  • 1.4.2. The Second Decade (1998
  • 2007): Collaborative Research with the Netherlands
  • 1.4.3. The Third Decade (2008
  • 2018): Issues of the World Heritage Project
  • Conclusion
  • 2. Theoretical Framework
  • 2.1. The Concept of Cultural Landscape
  • 2.1.1. Origins
  • 2.1.2. Changing Notions in Geography and Successive Use in World Heritage
  • 2.1.3. The Cultural Landscape Concept in Managing Historic Cities: UNESCO's HUL Approach
  • 2.2. The Notion of World Heritage
  • 2.2.1. Origins
  • 2.2.2. The Convention and its Critics
  • 2.2.3. Heritage Listing of Inhabited Historic Cities
  • 2.2.4. World Heritage as a Marker of Transformation in Inhabited Historic Cities: An Asian Experience
  • 2.3. The Dynamic Historic City and Current Urban Heritage Management
  • 2.3.1. Holistic and Landscape-based Approach Considering the Nature-Culture Relationship
  • 2.3.2. Landscape Democracy: Participatory Approach Based on Human Rights
  • 2.3.3. Conflict Resolution Through Participation
  • 2.3.4. Mitigating the Dynamic Historic Urban Change Rather than Controlling
  • 2.4. Participatory Planning and the People-Centred Approaches in Managing Historic Cities
  • 2.4.1. Participatory Planning
  • 2.4.2. Development of Participatory and People-Centred Approaches Within World Heritage
  • 2.4.3. Challenges and Limitations of the Participatory Approach Within World Heritage
  • 2.5. Postcolonialism, Decolonization and ``Colonial Monuments`` in Sri Lanka
  • 3. Methodological Framework
  • 3.1. Research Approach and Methods
  • 3.1.1. Research Problem
  • 3.1.2. Research Approach, Methods and Field Work
  • 3.1.3. Materials
  • 3.1.4. Tools and Techniques
  • 3.1.5. Flow of the Methodology
  • 3.2. Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
  • 3.2.1. Structured Interviews with Residents
  • 3.2.2. Semi-structured Interviews
  • 3.2.3. Questionnaires
  • 3.2.4. Participant Observation and Informal Conversations
  • 3.2.5. Ethical Considerations, Pitfalls and Respondent Confidentiality
  • 3.2.6. Anecdotes, Mental Image of the City and Producing a Short Documentary
  • 3.3. Quantitative Data Analysis Methods
  • 3.3.1. Comparison of Building Stock of Galle Fort from 1988 to 2016
  • 3.3.2. Creation of the GIS Database
  • 4. Institutional and Legal Framework
  • 4.1. International Level: Institutions and Laws
  • 4.1.1. UNESCO and the Origin of the World Heritage Convention
  • 4.1.2. The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972
  • 4.1.3. The World Heritage Committee and World Heritage Centre
  • 4.1.4. Advisory Bodies to the World Heritage Committee and Soft Laws
  • 4.2. National Level: Institutions and Laws
  • 4.2.1. Department of Archaeology
  • 4.2.2. Antiquities Ordinance No. 9 of 1940: A Colonial Law Manifests a Western Material-based Conservation Approach
  • 4.2.3. Urban Development Authority
  • 4.2.4. Central Cultural Fund
  • 4.3. Local Level: Institutions and Laws
  • 4.3.1. Galle Heritage Foundation
  • 4.3.2. Galle Heritage Planning Sub-Committee and Special Regulations, 2009: Preserving Colonial Buildings
  • 4.3.3. Galle Municipal Council
  • 4.3.4. Summary of Powers over Key Institutions
  • 4.4. Other Institutions
  • 4.4.1. ICOMOS Sri Lanka
  • 4.4.2. Public Administration of the Heritage City
  • 4.4.3. Funding Agencies: The International Donors and the Dutch Government
  • 4.4.4. Research Institutions and Universities
  • 4.5. Institutional Policy Documents and the Decisions of the World Heritage Committee
  • 4.5.1. The Preservation of the Historic City Centre of Galle, 1987
  • 4.5.2. Conservation and Development of the World Heritage Site of the Dutch Fort in Galle, 2002
  • 4.5.3. Development Plan for Galle Urban Development Area (Galle Municipal Council Area) 2008
  • 2025 (Volumes I and II), 2009
  • 4.5.4. World Heritage Property of the Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications: Integrated Management System 2015
  • 4.5.5. The Annual Decisions of the World Heritage Committee (1997
  • 2018)
  • Conclusion
  • 5. Changes to the Physical Urban Landscape
  • 5.1. The Townhouse as a Microcosm/Signifier of the Urban Landscape
  • 5.1.1. Terminology
  • 5.1.2. Dating Townhouses/Buildings in Galle Fort
  • 5.1.3. Colonial Characteristics of Townhouses
  • 5.1.4. Changes in the Buildings (Including Townhouses) since World Heritage Recognition
  • 5.2. Turning the Townhouse into an Object of Income Generation
  • 5.2.1. Townhouses Converted into Villas, Shophouses and B&Bs
  • 5.2.2. Functional Changes and Architectural Changes
  • 5.3. The Colonial Facade: Positive Preservation of Interior Elements
  • 5.3.1. Verandahs: ``Introducing Colonial Architecture``
  • 5.3.2. Building Colour: The Best Observed Regulation
  • 5.3.3. Roofscape: A Substantially Well-Observed Regulation
  • 5.3.4. Stables and Garages: Disappearing Elements
  • 5.4. Behind the Facade: Horizontal and Vertical Expansion of Space
  • 5.4.1. Changes in Floors and Developments Behind the Facade
  • 5.4.2. Addition of Floors: The Vertical Expansion of the City with Tourism
  • 5.4.3. Hidden Floors and Attics: Increasing Space
  • 5.4.4. Addition of Rooftops: An Alternative Space
  • 5.4.5. Disappearing Central Courtyards: Colonial Features behind the Facade
  • 5.4.6. Swimming Pools and Residential Tourism
  • 5.5. A ``Touristscape``
  • 5.5.1. The Constant Change
  • 5.5.2. Adapting ``Antique [Colonial]`` Architectural Elements
  • 5.5.3. Inherent Hybrid Colonial Architecture vs Tropical Modernism
  • 5.6. State-Owned Monuments and the General Outline of the Fort
  • Conclusion
  • 6. Socio-Economic Changes in the Urban Landscape
  • 6.1. What Galle Fort Means to Various Stakeholders
  • 6.1.1. Gama (``Village``) in the Eyes of the Residents
  • 6.1.2. The Rampart, the Dutch and the Sea: Local Visitors
  • 6.1.3. Local Business Community, Heritage Officers and Others
  • 6.1.4. Galle Fort: Collective Memories
  • 6.2. Changes at Galle Fort: Perceptions of the Residents
  • 6.2.1. Galle Fort Before and During the initial Stages of the World Heritage Project
  • 6.2.2. Changes with Heritage Recognition: Perceptions of the Residents
  • 6.3. Gentrification: Foreign Investments and Laws
  • 6.3.1. Foreign (and Local) Investments: Views of Residents
  • 6.3.2. Laws and Policies Affecting Gentrification: Foreign Property Purchases and Leases
  • 6.3.3. The Process of Gentrification
  • 6.3.4. Foreign Investment Levels
  • 6.4. Gentrification: Demography and Culture
  • 6.4.1. Loss of Population
  • 6.4.2. Impact of Gentrification on the Local Culture and Way of Life
  • 6.4.3. Mitigating the Gentrification
  • 6.5. Economy and Commercialization
  • 6.5.1. Residential Streets to Shopping Streets
  • 6.5.2. The Local Community and the Tourism Economy
  • 6.6. Case Studies: Intangible Values of the Historic Urban Landscape
  • 6.6.1. Anecdote 1: ``Selling the Doll House``
  • 6.6.2. Anecdote 2: New Year Treats
  • Conclusion
  • 7. Laws in Practice and Perceptions of Justice
  • Part I
  • 7.1. Heritage Laws and Conflicting Interests
  • -- 7.1.1. Do the Residents Know the Law?
  • 7.12. Perception of Heritage Laws: ``The Law is Not Equal to All``
  • 7.1.3. The Heritage Institutions, Officials and Community Expectations
  • 7.1.4. Conflicting Interests: Development vs. Preservation
  • 7.1.5. Conflicting Interests: The Boundary Wall of a Prestigious School
  • 7.2. Special Regulations, 2009: A Burden for Ordinary Locals?
  • 7.2.1. The High Cost of Chartered Architect's Services
  • 7.2.2. Delays in the Process and Partial Decisions
  • 7.2.3. Rejection of Building Applications
  • 7.3. ``Illegal`` Building Activities: ``Nocturnal Architecture``
  • 7.3.1. What is an Illegal Building Activity?
  • 7.3.2. The Reasons: Ideas of Residents and Heritage Officers
  • 7.3.3. Another Dimension of ``Nocturnal Architecture``
  • 7.4. Reducing ``Illegal`` Developments: Ideas of Heritage Officers
  • 7.4.1. The Conventional Method
  • 7.4.2. The Current Trend: Negotiation and Frequent Monitoring
  • 7.5. Is the Law Equal to All? The Negative Aspect
  • 7.5.1. The Height Restrictions: Investors vs. Residents
  • 7.5.2. Demolitions: Investors vs Ordinary Businessmen and Residents
  • 7.5.3. Powerful Individuals and Partner Institutions
  • 7.5.4. Swimming Pools: Why Are Some Allowed?
  • 7.6. Is the Law Equal to All?: The Positive Aspects
  • 7.6.1. Foreign Investors: The Powerful and the Ordinary
  • 7.6.2. The Locals: The Ordinary and the ``Friends``
  • Part II
  • Note continued: 7.7. Political and Bureaucratic Will
  • 7.7.1. Moving Government Buildings Out of Galle Fort
  • 7.7.2. Intrusive Developments at Galle International Cricket Stadium
  • 7.7.3. Galle Harbour Development Project
  • Conclusion
  • 8. Conclusion and Recommendations
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations.

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